Chem Res Toxicol 26(3):305–312ĭellafiora L, Perotti A, Galaverna G, Buschini A, Dall’Asta C (2016) On the masked mycotoxin zearalenone-14-glucoside. Vet J 165(3):214–220ĭall’Erta A, Cirlini M, Dall’Asta M, Del Rio D, Galaverna G, Dall’Asta C (2013) Masked mycotoxins are efficiently hydrolyzed by human colonic microbiota releasing their aglycones. Off J Eur Union 229:7–9Ĭonkova E, Laciakova A, Kovac G, Seidel H (2003) Fusarial toxins and their role in animal diseases. Ĭommission E (2006) Commission recommendation (EC) of 17 August 2006 on the presence of deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, T-2 and HT-2 and fumonisins in products intended for animal feeding. īroekaert N, Devreese M, De Baere S, De Backer P, Croubels S (2015) Modified Fusarium mycotoxins unmasked: from occurrence in cereals to animal and human excretion. Mol Nutr Food Res 57(1):165–186īinder SB, Schwartz-Zimmermann HE, Varga E et al (2017) Metabolism of zearalenone and its major modified forms in pigs. The obtained data would be of great importance for the safety assessment of modified mycotoxin, ZEN-14G, and provide another perspective for risk assessment of mycotoxin.īerthiller F, Crews C, Dall’Asta C et al (2013) Masked mycotoxins: a review. Additionally, a larger yield of 6-OH-ZEN-14G and 8-OH-ZEN-14G was also observed in human liver microsomes. Although interspecies differences in the biotransformation of ZEN-14G were observed, ZEN, α-ZEL-14G, β-ZEL-14G, α-ZEL, ZEN-14G-16GlcA and ZEN-14GlcA were the major metabolites of ZEN-14G. Furthermore, results showed that the major metabolic pathways of ZEN-14G were deglucosylation, hydroxylation, hydrogenation and glucuronidation.
CHEMISTRY ZEN 4 FREE
What is more, ZEN-14G could be considerably deglucosidated into its free form of ZEN after the incubation with animals and human liver microsomes in the absence of NADPH, which was mainly metabolized by human carboxylesterase CES-I and II. As a result, 29 phase I metabolites and 6 phase II metabolites were identified and significant inter-species metabolic differences were observed as well. Additionally, in vivo metabolism of ZEN-14G was conducted in model animals, rats, by oral administration. To thoroughly investigate the metabolism of ZEN-14G, in vitro metabolism including phase I and phase II metabolism was studied using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. However, the metabolic profile of ZEN-14G and whether it could be deglucosidated in the liver are unknown. It has been confirmed that the microflora could metabolize ZEN-14G to ZEN. 1 hour.Zearalenone-14-glucoside (ZEN-14G), the modified mycotoxin of zearalenone (ZEN), has attracted considerable attention due to its high potential to be hydrolyzed into ZEN, which would exert toxicity. Answer all Paper 2 (Structured and Essay Questions ) 30 Marks Paper 4 : Written Practical Test. STPM Chemistry All parts of the Syllabus 50 Marks Time : 1 hour 45 min. 2 – 3 Structured / Open Response Questions Written Practical Questions Paper 3 Paper 2 ( Subjective ) 50 marks ( 50 % ) Time : 1 hour 30 min. Section A : 6 structured questions Answer All. Section B & C : 4 Essay questions Answer 1 from each Section. 50 Objective Questions Paper 1 100 marks ( 50 % ) Time : 2 hours 30 min. SPM KIMIA 50 marks ( 25 % ) All Compulsory Time : 1 hour 15 min. What is the Format of the SPM Chemistry Examination ? I cannot imagine a world without Chemistry. WHY DO YOU Study CHEMISTRY ? Chemistry is essential in many courses. Introduction To Chemistry What is Chemistry ? Why do we study Chemistry? How can we study Chemistry more effectively ?
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